Reoviridae virus family

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People also ask. What is Reoviridae virus? Reoviridae - Wikipedia en. Structure of the reovirus virion. The genomes of viruses in Reoviridae contain 10—12 segments which are grouped into three categories corresponding to their size: L large , M medium and S small. What is rotavirus rotavirus? Rotavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae.

Rotaviruses are the most common cause of diarrhoeal disease among infants and young children. Nearly every child in the world is infected with a rotavirus at least once by the age of five. Rotavirus - Wikipedia en. Reolysin is a formulation of reovirus Mammalian orthoreovirus serotype 3-dearing strain that is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers, including studies currently developed to investigate the role of Reolysin combined with other immunotherapies.

Patton JT editor. But our major concern is the relationship these viruses have with plants and how we can prevent their spread. Out of the abundance of Reoviridae viruses that exist, there are 3 genera that have approximately 14 different species that infect plants. These three genera are Phytoreovirus, Oryzavirus , and Fijivirus.

These viruses are believed to originate in ancient invertebrates and are developmentally reliant on the vectors of leafhoppers. Without the hoppers the virus could not reproduce in most cases and would die off completely. But, with the hoppers as the host, they are able to spread their diseases to different plant vectors.

Due to the lack of spread through seed, many of these viruses reproduce through larvae of the hoppers and not just in the host themselves. These viruses are mainly a threat to what are known as cereal crops and include rice, maize, sorghum , and barley.

Each variation of these viruses affect each crop a little differently, but overall causes severe damage. As we examine these three different viral genera we should keep in mind how each of them could impact our environment if not properly managed. Plants that are infected with these viruses exhibit defined stunting, more tillering, and leaves that are short and dark with chlorotic specks. The plants most often survive until harvest, but at that time it is often discovered that the flower containing the grain is empty.

Diseases can often go unnoticed with little symptoms to the plant until harvest time. This furtiveness can make the management of these pests and diseases almost impossible if not properly maintained.

Cleanliness is of the utmost importance when managing stock plants. The second genera of the Reoviridae virus family to infect plants is the Orzyavirus. One of its species is the Rice Ragged Stunt Virus. Thus, it is obvious that the geographical distribution and the vectors of LNV are wide and variable in Australia. What is more, the initial LNV isolate in Australian was obtained from mosquitoes collected in , predating the first Chinese LNV isolate which was obtained in [ 10 , 11 ].

The LNVs isolated in China could be divided into 3 evolutionary branches. All of the Xinjiang isolates grouped together formed the largest evolutionary branch [ 5 , 33 ]. All of the Australian LNV isolates were divided into two disparate lineage, one composed the isolates from eastern and northern Australia and the other included the isolates from western and southern Australia [ 11 , 12 ].

In this study, a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of all the LNVs isolated from China and Austrila demonstrated that the LNVs could be divide into three genotypes Fig. Genotype 1 included LNSV-NE isolated in Liaoning provinve of China in and 7 strains from Austrila the mosquito collection time was ,,, and , respectively.

A total of 68 strains of LNV isolated from Xinjiang province of western China clustered together that formed an independent branch. This result suggested that the Australia LNV isolates were not only restricted and circulated in Australia and even this virus population transmitted a long way to northern China in Asia then evolved into new LNV populations with local circulation characteristics.

Although the LNVs were initially isolated from several inland provinces in China, the phylogeopgraphic analysis of our study showed that the LNV likely originated from Australia in the South Pacific region and the genotype 1 viruses spread northward from Australia to Liaoning province in northeast China.

The reasons that LNV originated in Australia and spread to the Asian continent may be related to the following factors: First, Australia is located in the South Pacific region and contains a variety of geographic climate types, including the subtropical humid climate in the east, the savanna climate in the northwest, the tropical rain forest climate in the northeast, and Mediterranean climate in the southwest [ 35 ].

The climate types in Australia facilitate the local host vectors diverse and can breed LNV population with a strong adaptability. Second, the nucleotide similarity of genotype 1 was the most divergent between all of the three genotypes, indicating greater population variability exists in Australian LNVs. Besides, the nucleotide composition of the BAV, which is the prototype species of genus Seadornavirus , was also observed a higher AU content [ 40 ].

It has been reported that the AU-rich genome structure facilitate the Human Immunodeficiency virus HIV to avoid recognition by the innate immune system of host cell [ 41 ]. However, the biological causes and the consequence for increased A and U within the LNV and other mentioned arboviruses genome are still unknown, so enhanced experimental studies are required to explore the AU rich molecular function in LNV.

This may be the reasons why LNVs have been continuously isolated from 12 species of mosquitoes belonging to four genera in different geographical and climatic regions in Australia, during the last 30 years [ 11 , 12 ]. What is more, after transmission from Australia to China, the genotype 1 LNV population gradually adapted to the local natural environment and evolved new strains with regional genetic characteristics. The newly evolved LNVs genotypes 2 and 3 contain 20 amino acid mutations compared with the initial LNVs genotype 1 in the cell attachment protein VP10 , which altered the structure and electrostatic presentation influencing the binding properties to host vectors.

This might be one of the reasons why the newly evolved LNVs genotyp 2 and 3 were restricted to a relative narrow range of vectors and habitat. Compared with genotype 1 and genotype 2, the genotype 3 which located in the central part of China contains 2 unique amino acids, which were identical with genotype 1 but different from genotype 2,indicating that this lineage is at evolutionary transitional position which preserved the genetic information of the original LNV population and also evolved novel genetic information sites during spread to new locations.

When compared with original LNV population, the genotype 2 LNVs in Xinjiang province contained the the maximum numbers of amino acid mutations thus it was the the most divergent lineage and formed a independed evolutionary branch. The genetic informative sites of the entire LNVs population confirmed its transmission path from north to south, and then from east to west.

In this study, the evolution analysis of LNVs revealed that the virus belongs to the emerging virus group. In particular, it was suggested that the genotype 1 LNVs were a group of segmented double-strand RNA virus with extremely adaptability, which have a large group of vectors, a high rate of genetic variation and apparent active transmissibility that can adapt to different geographical environments over a quite long distance.

Recently, the genome information of LNV was reported to be detected in Aedes aegypti of African origin, reminding us that LNVs was not only limited to China in Asia and Australia in the South Pacific region but may well be extended to Africa and even posing a high risk of spreading to new areas such as Central Asia and Europe. It is well known that genetic mutation such as recombination or reassortment can easily occur in segmented RNA virus.

For example, BAV which also belongs to the Seadornavirus , was originally discovered in southern China. Considering LNV was the only specie in Seadornavirus that can replicate in mammalian cell lines and cause fatal haemorrhagic symptoms in mice [ 3 ], it might be a pathogen that has great potential to cause disease in human and or animals. Therefore, to strengthen the research on genetic variation of LNV and to clarify the relationship between LNV and zoonosis is not only a research topic for virologists, but also a scientific issues for public health communities.

GDL and HL conceived and designed the study and wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Hong Liu, Email: moc. Guodong Liang, Email: moc. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Virol J v. Virol J. Published online Jul Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.

Corresponding author. Received Jan 23; Accepted Jul 3. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

Associated Data Data Availability Statement All data and materials are included in this published article. Methods Here, a phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations was conducted on the LNVs isolated from a variety of vectors during — to identify the evolution and migration patterns of LNVs. Results The results demonstrated that the LNV could be divided into 3 genotypes, of which genotype 1 mainly composed of LNVs isolated from Australia during to and the original LNV strain LNV-NE97—31 isolated from Liaoning province in northern China in , genotype 2 comprised of the isolates all from Xinjiang province in western China and genotype 3 consisted the isolates from Qinghai and Shanxi province of central China.

Conclusion LNVs were initially isolated from Liaoning province of China in the Northeast Asia, however, the present study revealed that LNVs were first appeared in Australia in the South Pacific region and transmitted to mainland China then rapidly spread across China and evolved three different genotypes. Table 1 The background information of LNVs used in this study.

Strain Location Host Date Accession no. Open in a separate window. Bayesian skyline plot for LNV. The sequence similarity analysis of LNV The Sequence analyses of 80 strains of LNV isolated from different vectors and locations during — revealed that the level of nucleotide similarity varied from Nucleotide composition of the 10th segment genome of LNV The values of nucleotide contents in the entire LNV population and each genotype were analyzed Fig. The amino acid comparison and the three dimensional structural analysis of the cell attachment protein VP10 of LNV To characterize the mutations in the cell attachment protein VP10 between the three genotypes of LNV, we analyzed the amino acids encoded by the VP10 genes derived from the previously mentioned LNV isolates.

Conclusions In this study, the evolution analysis of LNVs revealed that the virus belongs to the emerging virus group. Acknowledgements Not applicable. Availability of data and materials All data and materials are included in this published article.

Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Contributor Information Hong Liu, Email: moc. References 1. Complete sequence determination and genetic analysis of Banna virus and Kadipiro virus: proposal for assignment to a new genus Seadornavirus within the family Reoviridae. J Gen Virol. Coltiviruses and seadornaviruses in North America, Europe, and Asia.

Emerg Infect Dis. Liao ning virus, a new Chinese seadornavirus that replicates in transformed and embryonic mammalian cells. Banna virus, China, Liao ning virus in China. Arboviruses and their related infections in China: a comprehensive field and laboratory investigation over the last 3 decades. Rev Med Virol.